Ethics in Retail Industry free essay sample

The investigation additionally includes how associations guarantee best moral practices and whether a socially capable retailer increases upper hand and gainfulness through its moral practices. 25 December 2012 00:27 Methodology: Studying on previously mentioned issues can be begun from dissuading how morals and social duty affected the hierarchical techniques as of late. A concise investigation of the retail associations, known as ‘ethical’, uncovers how the associations are pressurized to make such morally practical picture for its clients. Contemplating different models, the elements, impacting the moral acts of an association, can be identified with discover the stuff to be characterized as a socially mindful retailer. At last the between relationship of productivity and moral practices can be built up to finish up the presentation of retailing industry regarding morals and social duty. The methodologies on moral acts of certain association can be gotten to from the cases concentrates on these retail ventures. The compelling elements can be distinguished from the regular patterns in these methodologies and an indisputable story through client discernments can be drawn by direct customer contact and individual meetings. As a foundation of any association and individual while interfacing with different partners, inside a retailing industry certain measures are followed to direct the dynamic minutes. The extent of the article incorporates investigation of these practices according to moral perspective, taking models from monster retail chains and furthermore investigation of moral impression of the business power in retailing industry. The investigation additionally includes how associations guarantee best moral practices and whether a socially capable retailer increases upper hand and productivity through its moral practices. *Methodology:* [Quoted text hidden] 2 of 2 31/01/2013 10:37 PM Executive Summary: As a foundation of any association and individual while communicating with different partners, inside a retailing industry certain principles are followed to direct the dynamic minutes. This article incorporates investigation of these practices according to moral perspective, taking models from mammoth retail chains and furthermore investigation of moral impression of the business power in retailing industry. The investigation additionally envelops how associations guarantee best moral practices and whether a socially capable retailer increases upper hand and productivity through its moral practices. Different issues that may emerge from morally upset circumstance where retail sales reps may end up in moral issue are talked about in various casing of references. Ordinarily normal unscrupulous practices in the retail business, for example, misuse of laborers, overemphasis on gainful items, dishonestly fixing costs on items, untrustworthy issues of limited time crusade and their negative impacts on buyer outlook are talked about in detail. A while later exploitative practices in green retailing, the most recent buzz of the retail business in India are likewise examined with models from global retail chains. Through impressive investigations it has been discovered that for retailers there are two sorts of moral code practically speaking: express and certain. Unequivocal code of moral practices indicates composed standards that retailers follow to work under. Certain code is characterized as the arrangement of unwritten yet surely knew rules/measures of good obligations. In retailing condition Sales individuals communicate with people from outside the store, clients and just as individuals from inside their association. The people with whom they collaborate may have certain unique needs and issues that sales reps may fulfill to determine. Since these people need the salesmen to help cultivate their own need, fulfillment or issue, the requests conveyed to the sales reps by them are probably going to be assorted and frequently incongruent. Subsequently retail deals work force frequently face moral quandaries when conflicted between short run pressures from the board I. e. to accomplish deals amount and since quite a while ago run objectives of accomplishing client certainty and altruism. Besides the condition that the retail faculty works in is favorable for the advancement of moral issues due to the assortment of assignment they performs 3 hich can put them in awkward circumstances that may be practically tended to utilizing sketchy conduct I. e. dealing with client return or trade. Further investigations have indicated that regularly retail deals work force get minimal formalized deals preparing and accordingly they have not been adequately taught about how the organization might want them to act in these morally dist urbing circumstances. Directors in retail industry ought to be worried about these circumstances looked by retail salesmen as failure to deal with such circumstance brings about bringing down occupation execution, disappointing client and so forth. Kinds of Ethical Problems in Retail Sector: There are various sorts of circumstances where moral issues can be happened in retail industry. From the assorted individuals that retail sales reps collaborate including clients, companion and the executives anybody can imperil the moral standards of the circumstance. Utilizing these three gatherings of individuals as edge of reference moral issues can be classified in three wide zones; client, companions and business related circumstances. Client related circumstances may incorporate those circumstances that involve inclusion with client and have direct effect upon clients. For instance neglecting to help clients or deliberately giving them erroneous change. Friend related circumstances include peer from non-work gatherings and individual representatives too. For instance offering or being compelled to give a companion or representative a markdown. Business related circumstances incorporate conditions that might be accelerated by organization working methodology, rehearses that are encouraged by workplace. For instance neglecting to acquire a check approval, selling an item as selective when it isn't could be remembered for dishonest practices. Regular unscrupulous practices in Retail Marketing.

Role Of The Internet In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Of The Internet In Business - Essay Example The Internet helped business in improving correspondence offices. It is simple for Bill Gates to control his business exercises in China or India, remaining in New York. The Internet gives moment visit, sound and video conferencing like correspondence offices so it is simple for an official in America to discuss in a split second with his subordinates in any pieces of the world. Redistributing is another idea created across business hover in view of the improvement of Internet-related advancements. It ought to be noticed that in America and European nations, the work cost is amazingly high though, in India or China, it is incredibly low. In this way, Chinese and Indian items are less expensive in the universal market contrasted with that of America or Europe. This is actually an issue for American and European organizations. Redistributing enables, these organizations to misuse the modest work in abroad markets so they to can contend adequately with Indian and Chinese organizations. The advancement of E-trade is another commitment of the web to the business world. Online business is developing much quickly than disconnected business as indicated by numerous investigations. Disconnected business can't give the comfort of online business. For instance, so as to buy certain items, a buyer needs to visit shopping centers. For utilized individuals, it is hard to invest an excessive amount of energy for shopping purposes. Such individuals can buy merchandise while resting at home with the assistance of web. Besides, web based business encourages an individual to buy merchandise from the universal market. As such, he can look for better alternatives with the assistance of the web before buying a specific thing from the worldwide market. Such offices are not given by disconnected organizations. Publicizing is a significant business work, which causes associations to advance their item.

How to Write a Story Plot that Doesnt Suck

How to Write a Story Plot that Doesn’t Suck No matter what kind of writer you are or want to be, mastering the plot can seem like an uphill battle. Life is a plot. Everything is a plot, but don’t let the complexities confound you. The formula of plots can be broken down into smaller more bite-size chunks of information that are easier to digest. In this post we’re going to go over a list of traits that you’ll find in every truly noteworthy plot. These help to provide some structure. Then, the second half of this post lays out 6 steps in sequence that while brief, pretty much provide the bullet-point perspective of plot writing. Specific Authority Signals of a Good Plot This list isn’t all-inclusive by any means but it covers the bases. These 8 thinks are common to all memorable and engaging plot. Niche: Every piece of prolific writing was written for specific type of person, or for niche of people. Plots shouldn’t be designed to try and please everyone. Plots don’t have a one size fits all formula. Each genre presents its own set of rules, codes and expectations that must be met for general approval. Theme: Likewise, all great writing revolves closely or loosely around a theme. Like a dog on a chain. No matter how far the chain stretches, the dog is always fixed into a certain environment and cannot leave. You could even call it a background theme if you want, but don’t confuse it with the setting. Structured Chaos: One of the most impressive plots to hit the contemporary world would have to be The Matrix trilogy. Each of the three can stand alone. They all have every base covered and there’s tons of structure, but the sense of reality is constantly blurred. Find the niche, tether them to a relevant theme, and then add some chaos into the world they inhabit. Conflict: This is plot writing 101. Nearly all of the celebrated plots involve conflict. The Onion Influence: Let the plot unfold one layer at a time. With each peel the tension, conflict, emotional involved and investment should increase. Furthermore, try to influence their bodies the way peeling or cutting a fresh onion can (tears!). Characters: Characters need to be specific, memorable and possess their own unique quirks. Never ever short change characters, but don’t bog down the plot with too much character development either. Think of it as a tiny step beyond a “need to know” basis. Setting: A third of the plot is dictated by where it takes place, regardless of how many different locations are visited. Presence: If the plot were to magically transform into a human being, what kind of presence would they project? Strange question right? Seriously, what kind of vibe is being created by the plot, and is it under your control? 6 Practical Steps to Composing a Righteous Plot Now, let’s move on to the six step process of putting together a solid plot outline that you can use to craft a great piece of sales copy or perhaps a work of fiction. Purpose Desire: What is the inherent desire of the plot, and what is the purpose you have in mind for the reader? Now, every viable plot either solves a problem, answers a question or attains some kind of goal. Coming to terms with the overall goal of your plot is the first step. Each events leads towards it. Every word is a step towards that goal. Destination Consequence: If the goal is clearly in focus you should be able to know what the conclusion is going to be before you write the first word. The conclusion is the destination; the culmination. This is your second step. Something to keep always in the background of your mind is, what will be the overall consequences of this plot? Requirements: What needs to happen to get you from the beginning to the ending without getting lost along the way? What are the requirements to meeting your goal and reaching the conclusion? Drafting these out and thoroughly understanding their place in the plot is your next step. Intermittent Forewarnings: The next step is to strategically think of forewarnings you can place throughout the story that either subtly or obtrusively warns the reader that the conclusion, or climax is coming. In a way, you could imagine these forewarnings as consequences as well. They are the direct result of the journey reaching close to its end. They don’t have to be either good, or bad just indicative. Sacrifice: The last step is coming to terms with the price/prices that must be paid for reaching the goal. Sacrifices must be made. Powerful plots draw readers in and involve them. Goals must be obtained. Answers uncovered. Problems solved, but everything comes with a price in life. This should help, but ultimately it comes down to thorough planning and organizing your plot as you hash it out on paper, or on screen.

Explaining FedExs Position in the Logistics Sector - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 987 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Logistics Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Logistics  is about managing the flow of  goods, information, and other resources between the point of origin and the point of consumption so as to meet the customers consumption demands in a regular cycle. Logistics involves the integration of information,  warehousing, managing and handling inventory, transportation of the goods and services. It is a mode of supply chain to add value to time and space utility. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Explaining FedExs Position in the Logistics Sector" essay for you Create order Logistics sector revolves around logistics companies, supply chain management, transportation, warehousing, reliability and business. Logistics involve logistics providers, freight forwarder, freight companies, trucking companies, moving companies, shipping companies, Freight carriers of all the three modes- air, water and ground. They include air carriers, ocean freight, ship lines, rail freight, third party logistics providers. The major players in this sector in the world are DHL, FedEx, ARAMAX, Choice Logistics, Purolator Courier, TNT. USPS is a customer as well as a competitor of FedEx while UPS is a primary competitor. The global logistics industry is estimated to be worth USD 300 billion. US still has about one-third of the world market, but most of the big service providers are centered in Europe. Major characteristics of global logistics industry are: High costs of operations Low margins Infrastructure bottlenecks Paucity of talent Client demands f or investment in technology Demand for providing one-stop solutions meeting all the client needs Mergers and acquisitions providing consolidation Indian logistics industry is still in the growing phase and has immense potential for growth. It is characterized by Low demand Poor infrastructure High costs Government Regulations However, with the robust GDP growth, globalization, FDI in logistics, increasing government support, it is likely to grow. In India, FedEx has its subsidiary Blue Dart Express Ltd since 1984. The major services catered by them include; E-shipping Tools, Track Dart, Mail Dart, Location Finder, Mobile Dart, COSMAT II ( computerized On-line System for Management, Accounting and Tracking ), SMART (Space Management Allocation Reservation and Tracking) Ship Dart, Internet Dart and many more. About the company FedEx Corporation, incorporated in 1971, was originally known as FDX Corporation. It started off as a logistics company in United States, with headquarters at Memphis, Tennessee. The company began its operations in 1973, and became FedEx in 2000, a name derived from its original division Federal Express. Today, FedEx employs more than 280000 people and provides services all over the world. It has become worlds largest airline with highest number of freight tons flown and stands second when it comes to fleet size. The major subsidiaries of the company are- FedEx Office, FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight, FedEx Custom Critical, FedEx Supply Chain, FedEx Trade Networks and FedEx Services. Today, it delivers packages to more than 375 destinations in nearly every country every day. It operates via Hub and Spoke network, with various hubs being located at the various airports all across world and super hub at the airport Memphis, Tennessee . In 1979, it launched COSMOS (Customers, Operations and Services Master Online System), a centralized computer system which managed people, packages, vehicles and weather scenarios in real time. In 1980, DADS (Digitally Assisted Dispatch System) was implemented by the company to coordinate on-call pickups for customers, so that customers could schedule pickups for the same day. It introduced Zap Mail in 1983, a fax service guaranteeing the delivery of up to 5 pages in less than 2 hours. But, later it turned out to be a failure. In 1986, a service named Super Tracker was introduced, a hand-held bar code scanner which brought  parcel tracking  to the shipping industry.  With the tremendous growth in the volume of the volume of international shipments, Clear Electronic Customs Clearance System was created to expedite regulatory clearance while cargo is en route. In 1994, FedEx launched Fedex.com, the first transportation web site to offer online package tracking. In 1995, the co mpany started services to China, and opened an Asia and Pacific hub in  Philippines. In 2000, the company officially dropped the Federal Express name and became FedEx Express to distinguish its express shipping service from others offered by its parent company  FedEx Corporation. In 2001, FedEx Express signed a contract with its largest customer United States Postal Services to transport Express Mail and Priority Mail. In December 2006, FedEx Express acquired the British courier company ANC Holdings Ltd which opened direct route to UK airports.  In September 2007, ANC was rebranded as FedEx UK. FedEx Express also acquired Flying-Cargo Hungary Kft to expand service in Eastern  Europe. Together, we are FedEx a worldwide network of companies providing customers and businesses with the same absolutely, positively zeal for service youve come to expect.  FedEx  provides direct-distribution  services  that make it easy to mo ve your goods across borders to customers and retail stores, bypassing distribution centers and cutting fees and time to market. We offer air, surface and ocean solutions to meet your unique needs.[ref7] FedEx  offers comprehensive and strategic  supply chain  solutions. This provides your  supply chain  solutions greater efficiency and customer satisfaction. [ref5] Use  FedEx Ground  Tracking to track your ground freight shipments quickly. Enter up to 30 FedEx tracking numbers and check the status of your  FedEx ground  .[ref3] FedEx Freight  and FedEx National LTL, reliable freight shipping, fast transit freight shipping, economical freight delivery, and more.[ref4] We provide expedited, special handling and air options for critical freight. [ref8] Access fedex.com services with a single user ID and password through My Account. You must open a FedEx Freight ® or FedEx National LTLSM   account before signing up.[ref 6] We offer you the fastest courier services around the world daily.  FedEx Express  is your 24 hours solution for the best courier service. [ref9] A brief about all the supply chain practices in the industry Strategic viewpoint of supply chain strategy FedEx Global Supply Chain Services (FGSCS) EMEA is incorporated into Federal Express Europe as a separate division. The prime objective of FGSCS is to offer our customers comprehensive and strategic supply chain solutions and management, incorporating FedEx transportation and IT integration in order to support the specific needs of our customers.

Personal Narrative Happy Birthday ! - 980 Words

Happy Birthday! Firstly, I wasn`t sure whether my letter and a congratulation is a good idea that`s why it is a few days slower. Hope you enjoyed your day and Maaaring ang lahat ng iyong mga pangarap matupad! (does it say may all your dreams come true ?) I know I already apologised but... After we broke up it wasn`t easy to forget you, therefore, each time you came in my mind, I kept replaying our worst moments till I believed there was nothing nice about our relationship and I didn`t mean anything to you. When I finally accepted it, I simply deleted it all out of my head. You became a blank memory of a married man who I slept with. To be honest, to get you out of my head, I managed only by limiting you to perhaps unrealistically unpleasant person. And then we chatted and all my feelings for you out of the blue came back. It was very puzzling for me to process it so quickly and I have over analyzed it, indeed. I`m not asking this time for your friendship either Facebook friendship. I`m only sorry I spoiled your nice try so badly. Anyway, although it`s already a history for you, I found out just a few months ago. ...and I feel guilty for your divorce. ...and I have never been given a chance to explain anything. To make you aware, i t sounds childish and immature, though I barely knew myself the time when we met and you`ve presumably never realized but I wasn`t dating anyone before you. Hence it was all new to me and it`s quite tricky to start it with a marriedShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1393 Words   |  6 Pages In his book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass gives detail on his life as a slave and the things that he has experienced. After being a slave for a good portion of his life, until he escaped in 1838 to New York, Douglass was able to witness the cruel slavery that many people were not able to experience or see. 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The Community Health Assessment For Pinellas County (...

The health concern that was identified in the community health assessment for Pinellas County (Pinellas) was the high lung cancer incidence rate. The rate of 69.1 per 100,000 population is higher than the state of Florida and the United States average rate (â€Å"Community Commons IP3,† 2016). Possible factors that can contribute to this concern include tobacco usage, lack of health insurance, lack of physical activity, and poor nutrition. A population diagnosis statement for this health concern is risk for increasing number of deaths from lung cancer among the community in Pinellas related to the increased number of tobacco usage as demonstrated by high self-reporting data percentages. Based on this the primary health issue for Pinellas is the increased prevalence of tobacco usage. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), the number one risk factor for lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Using other tobacco products such as cigars or pipes also increases the risk for lung cancer. Tobacco smoke is a toxic mix of more than 7,000 chemicals. Vulnerable populations for increased tobacco usage are those living below poverty, the homeless, those with low education levels, those with low income levels, the uninsured, and those suffering from mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders. Three evidenced-based interventions for the health issue are mobile phone-based cessation interventions, comprehensive tobacco control programs, and smoke freeShow MoreRelatedMental Health Disorders in the Criminal Justice System: Annotated Bibliography 2221 Words   |  9 PagesAustralian Institute of Criminology, 2007, The identification of mental health disorders in the criminal justice system, prepared by Ogloff, J.R.P., Davis, M.R., Rivers, G. and Ross, S., Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. In this research bulletin commissioned by the Criminology Research Council, Ogloff et al. review the level of screening and the instruments used across jurisdictions to assess mental illness in justice agencies. Ogloff et al. intend to highlight the need and argueRead MorePolk County Health Improvement Plan Essay2217 Words   |  9 PagesPolk County Health Improvement Plan The surrounding and available resources in a community are what influence the health of its residents. Health status will not improve if a community does not have access to resources that will encourage healthy living. In order to increase the health of a community it is important to provide the environment to support a healthy lifestyle, such as having easy access to healthy food and exercise. Obesity is a major population health issue in Polk County along withRead More Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on USA’s Environment and Economy1919 Words   |  8 Pagesa spill of national significance (Deepwater Horizon Accident Investigation Report). Worse still, eleven workers died, 205.8 million gallons of oil gushed into the ocean, destroying marine habitats, poisoning birds and fish and shattering local communities along the Gulf (Greenpeace 2010). After two months Macondo well began gushing crude oil, President Barack Obama addressed to the nation from the Oval Office, he said: â€Å"Already, this oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has everRead MorePublic Health Information Systems5165 Words   |  21 Pages1 BUILDING A ROADMAP FOR HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS INTEROPERABILITY FOR PUBLIC HEALTH (Public Health Uses of Electronic Health Record Data) WHITE PAPER 2007 2 CONTENTS List of Authors: PHDSC - IHE Task Force Participants †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 What is Public Health?....................................................................................................6 Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Stakeholders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Cave Art Essay Example For Students

Cave Art Essay At the foot of a cliff in the ArdÃÆ'Â ¨che Gorges, in south-eastern France, amateur speleologists discovered the worlds oldest painted prehistoric cave. Discovered on December 18, 1994, this cave features art that dates back thirty-one thousand years. Jean-Marie Chauvet, Eliette Brunel-Deschamps and Christian Hillaire, were the amateurs who discovered the cave that has come to be known simply as the Chauvet cave. The explorers were in Vallon-Pont-dArc, France some thirty feet below ground. While exploring a cave, they were intrigued by a draft of air. They followed the draft to the source and discovered a cavity. This cavity then led to a vast network of galleries and rooms. The explorers were amazed. As they began to take a closer look, they saw columns of calc-spar, minerals in the walls, bones of bears. Suddenly, Eliette saw the image of a small mammoth on the wall in front of her. The adventurers were astounded. The walls began to come alive with engravings and paintings in red ochre and black. Everywhere they turned, there were these paintings that stretched hundreds of yards. The discoverers could not believe their eyes. Before them, were some three hundred horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, and mammoth. Some of the animals were alone, while some were drawn in packs. And finally, all of these paintings were awakened from thousands of years of deep sleep. Jean Clottes, a specialist in cave paintings, is commissioned to appraise the cave. He was able to verify that this was genuine Paleolithic art. Everything was authentic and perfectly preserved. Now, all that needs to be done is determine the age of these masterpieces. Six months later, carbon 14 dating analysis showed that one buffalo and two rhinoceros were no less than 31,000 years old. Suddenly, the cave paintings at Vallon-Pont-dArc found themselveds promoted to the rack of the oldest known cave paintings to date. The Ministry of Culture is quoted as saying that these datings have revolutionized hitherto accepted concepts on the appearance of art and its development, and prove that homo sapiens learnt to draw at a very early stage. Not only was there art found, but there was also many clues to the activities of primitive man. Charcoal, sediment extraction points, sharpened flint stones, and imprints were among some of the clues founds. The Chauvet cave is the discovery of a lifetime. It has provided many insights into the world of primitive art. It is truly a magnificent wonder of the world.

Creation of Global Media Market through Development of Communication Technologies

10 Facts for a Statistical Report on Psychology Studies

10 Facts for a Statistical Report on Psychology Studies If you are looking for fun facts on psychology studies for a statistical report, consider the exciting psychological studies conducted below: One study focused on the dynamic differences between males and females was that of Antonette King, Britney Wardecker, and Robin Edelstein who explored whether personal mastery buffers women from long-term outcomes associated with CSA (King et al., 2015). The authors evaluated women with and without childhood sexual abuse, interviewing them roughly two to four years after the birth of their first child; the period was selected based upon historical ideas of motherhood having an important impact on long-term effects of women that had been sexually abused during childhood (King et al., 2015). According to the authors research victims of CSA are more likely to develop suicidal thoughts, depression, low self-esteem, and post-traumatic stress disorder. While all women experience some anxiety and challenges with a new birth, CSA victims often have greater maternal distress and anxiety due to negative family environments (King et al., 2015). Today, there is growth related to the holistic aspect of coping skills, focused primarily on more emotionally supportive methods of care that take into consideration all aspects of the patient and not just their mental state. One such breakthrough in this newer methodology completed by health practitioner and author Debra Rose Wilson who studied the health consequences of childhood sexual abuse survivors from a holistic perspective, providing a model with the purpose of supporting prevention, assessment, treatment, and legal advocacy for health care providers in the field with the use of existing research studies (Wilson, 2009). According to the authors research, after reviewing multiple and significant longitudinal and epidemiology studies, adult survivors of CSA of both genders experience more eating disorders, obesity, addictions, depression, and autoimmune disorders, such as asthma and irritable bowel syndrome (2010). The work of Ullman and Peter-Hagenes study which investigated coping strategies and CSA in their article titled Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosure, Coping, Perceived Control, and PTSD Symptoms in Sexual Assault Victims (Ullman and Peter-Hagene, 2014).Using a sample of 1863 volunteer female sexual assault survivors from the Chicago area in the U.S., aged 18 to 71, with a racial makeup of 45 percent African Americans, 35 percent Caucasians, 2 percent Asian Americans, 14 percent Hispanic, and 8.1 percent other, the authors used a mail survey for respondents to complete (Ullman and Peter-Hagene, 2014) testing social reactions to assault disclosure on coping, perceived control over recovery, and PTSD symptoms. All participants had an unwanted sexual incident at the age of 14 or older, were currently the age of 18 and older, and had discussed the incident with someone historically; surveys were mailed to participants; survey questions included items related to social support, un wanted sexual experiences, PTSD symptoms, alcohol and drug use. One other consideration in current research is the ability to recognize early predictors of abuse, so as to afford a better opportunity for prevention and intervention. Debbie Sperry and Cathy Widoms study objective was to determine if CSA and neglect predict low levels of social support in middle adulthood, along with exploring if social support was a factor in mediating or moderating the relationship between CSA and subsequent outcomes of anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use (Sperry and Widom, 2013). Their article was based upon a cohort design study of data from children with recorded histories of CSA and neglect from ages zero to eleven for the years 1967 to 1971; social support was assessed at age 39.5 and anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use was assesses at age 41.2 (Sperry and Widom, 2013). Results consisted of self-reporting having an impact on resilience but needed to be reviewed in the context of the type of assault; many of the studies did not assess factors relating to the sexual abuse such as severity, type, etc., which represented a clear gap in literature/ The question of colored paper and its impact on academic performance has been measured for many years with results varying based on the clinical versus academic setting. Soldat, et al. (1997) tested the difference between red and blue colored paper for performance. The observations from this research indicated that there was a positive and negative effect in the form of happiness and sadness based on the color and that those with the blue paper performed better. The argument made by the researchers was that color was an affective cue and that it had a serious impact on performance. There are many coping strategies used today by adults who survived abuse. Of course, understanding which methods exist is the first step toward a greater appreciation for the wide spread requirements in this field. Kate Walsh, Michelle A. Fortier, and David DiLillo study the various coping theories (Walsh et al., 2010). The colleagues reviewed theories of coping with trauma and how these theories are applied to CSA victims coping as adults, by investigating over 39 studies, which consisted of 11 descriptive studies, 18 correlation studies, and ten investigational studies (Walsh et al., 2010). This study reviewed results discovered from theoretical information resulted in coping with sexual trauma indicating that it is a prolonged process requiring multiple strategies at different stages of recovery; descriptive studies revealed something similar, indicating that strategies evolve and change during the different coping phases (Walsh et al., 2010). One study emphasized the growing problem of re-victimization, something that is very prevalent throughout the current research. Michelle Fortier et al., 2009, tested a model that conceptualized the relationships between avoidant coping, increased trauma symptoms, and increased risk for adult sexual revictimization (Fortier et al., 2009). According to the authors, coping is extremely important for CSA victims, and sexual trauma leads to efforts to adapt through various emotional and behavioral responses, which can be effective and address the problem or ineffective and avoid the problem, with effectiveness dependant upon timing and the nature of the stressor (Fortier et al., 2009, p. 309). Authors Marjorie Feinson and Adi Meir evaluate the impacts of CSA and mental health, within a Jewish religious context in their 2015 study titled Exploring Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Abuse and the Relevance of Religiosity (Feinson and Meir, 2015). According to the authors, CSA has long been associated as a risk factor for mental health concerns, but little research has been done within a religious context (2015). The hypothesis of the study was that more mental health problems were associated with CSA victims versus non-CSA victims; noting that positive relationships exist traditionally between mental health patients and religious affiliation, the authors expected to find very few mental health problems from participants that were religiously devoted (Feinson and Meir, 2015). Expounding upon the concept of re-victimization is the serious concern about the continued relationships with perpetrators of abuse. David Cantà ³n-Cortà ©s and Cantà ³n examine the use of coping strategies and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among young adults in their study (2010). Various ways of analyzing coping are discussed including problem-focused and emotion-focused, the former being based upon changing the stressful situation in the environment or how the individual responds and the latter being based upon changing how one deals with the situation or the meaning of what happened in the situation (Cantà ³n-Cortà ©s and Cantà ³n, 2010). Active problem solving is another strategy reviewed, which consists of being aware of the stressor and taking action to avoid or deal with it. These facts should provide you with core data for your future academic report writing. You will have no trouble integrating them into your narrative. Feel free to use our auxiliary resources among which are 20 topics and 1 sample essay on psychology studies as well as our guide on writing a statistical report on this very subject. References: Cantà ³n-Cortà ©s, D., Cantà ³n, J. (2010). Coping with child sexual abuse among college students and post-traumatic stress disorder: The role of continuity of abuse and relationship with the perpetrator. Child Abuse Neglect, 34(7), 496-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.004 Feinson, M., Meir, A. (2014). Exploring Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Abuse and the Relevance of Religiosity. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 30(3), 499-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535094 Fortier, M., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Peugh, J., DeNardi, K., Gaffey, K. (2009). SEVERITY OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE AND REVICTIMIZATION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF COPING AND TRAUMA SYMPTOMS. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 33(3), 308-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01503.x King, A., Wardecker, B., Edelstein, R. (2015). Personal Mastery Buffers the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Women’s Health and Family Functioning. J Fam Viol, 30(7), 887-897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9728-4 Marriott, C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Harrop, C. (2014). Factors Promoting Resilience Following Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Structured, Narrative Review of the Literature. Child Abuse Rev., 23(1), 17-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.2258 Soldat, R.C. Sinclair, and M.M. Mark, â€Å"Color as an environmental processing cue: External affective cues can directly affect processing strategy without affecting mood,† Soc. Cognition 15(1), 55-71, 1997. Sperry, D., Widom, C. (2013). Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective investigation. Child Abuse Neglect, 37(6), 415-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.02.006 Ullman, S., Peter-Hagene, L. (2014). SOCIAL REACTIONS TO SEXUAL ASSAULT DISCLOSURE, COPING, PERCEIVED CONTROL, AND PTSD SYMPTOMS IN SEXUAL ASSAULT VICTIMS. Journal Of Community Psychology, 42(4), 495-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21624 Walsh, K., Fortier, M., DiLillo, D. (2010). Adult coping with childhood sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Aggression And Violent Behavior, 15(1), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.06.009 Wilson, D. (2010). Health Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Perspectives In Psychiatric Care, 46(1), 56-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00238.x

Case study for nursing-heart disease-myocardial infarction Essay

Case study for nursing-heart disease-myocardial infarction - Essay Example This is an emergency situation and she needs immediate medical attention. An appropriate dose of bronchodilator, preferably in combination with a corticosteroid can reverse the condition. This is the rationale for the administration of 3 doses of salbutamol through a metered dose inhaler. This is aimed at reducing the bronchospasm. Salbutamol is a selective ÃŽ ²2 adrenergic receptor agonist which predominates in lung tissue. When administered in inhalant form, the drug exerts immediate action on the bronchial smooth muscles. It hastens the relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles. Oxygen therapy has been suggested as she has suffered this exacerbation for quite some time now and although the SpO2 and SaO2 levels are within normal limits; oxygen therapy will hasten her recovery as lung efficiency is presently compromised. This will also prevent any ongoing imbalance within the arterial blood gases and aid in better oxygenation of the blood which is to be carried to the vital organs. Patients in status asthmaticus usually have elevated plasma antidiuretic hormone levels and this can disturb the water and electrolyte balance. This is the reason for the suggested administration of N/2 saline. Fluid therapy will restore the electrolyte balance and bring about homeostasis in the body. Ipratropium is a mast cell stabilizer and will prevent the further release of histamine and other mediators which contract the respiratory smooth muscles. Prednisolone is a potent corticosteroid which has a marked anti inflammatory action and is therefore prescribed for three days in order to suppress further inflammation within the respiratory tract. The dosage needs to be continued for a short period of three days or more and can be suddenly stopped although corticosteroids are known to suppress the normal synthesis and release of glucocorticoids by the

Group Cohesion and Productivity (MGT 415) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group Cohesion and Productivity (MGT 415) - Essay Example I had recently joined the organization and was not fully aware of the all the operations and technologies (Losh). The technology that was used in the organization was very advance. However, instructions and trainings were provided by the management, but many of us still had issues. This problem was resolved when a group project comprising of 6 team members were announced to us. Since, I was new in the organization I had to cope up with different things (Feldman and Arnold), and because of the other 5 members I was able to do so. Working in a team turned out to be helpful and effective as it allowed me and others to share knowledge and overcome shortfalls. The project successfully ended before the given deadline. On the contrary, a similar team project did not work very well a few weeks ago. The team members including me did not have a mutual understanding with each other; thus, the decisions were vague and did not turn out to be as efficient as the last project. The project also failed as the productions was in a deficit and also exceeded the time

The Emancipation Of Serfs

The Emancipation Of Serfs From the mid-nineteenth century the pace of change in Russia rapidly accelerated. The decade following the Crimean warrior saw the most dramatic social and institutional upheaval that the empire had ever undergone. Central to the so-called Great Reforms of the period was the abolition of serfdom. The statute of 1861 set the 22 million serfs owned by private landlords free from personal bondage. The fundamental relationship upon which the economic, social and politic structure of the empire had been based was to be dismantled. In 1861 serfdom, the system, which tied the Russian peasants irrevocably to their landlords, was abolished at the Tsars imperial command. Four years later, slavery in the USA was similarly declared unlawful by presidential order. Tsar Alexander II (1855-81) shared with his father, Nicholas I, a conviction that American slavery was inhumane. This is not as hypocritical as it might first appear. The serfdom that had operated in Russia since the middle of the seventeenth century was technically not slavery. The landowner did not own the serf. This contrasted with the system in the USA where the Negro slaves were chattels; that is, they were regarded in law as the disposable property of their masters. In Russia the traditional relationship between lord and serf was based on land. It was because he lived on his land that the serf was bound to the lord. The Russian system dated back to 1649 and the introduction of a legal code, which had granted total authority to the landowner to control the life and work of the peasant serfs who lived on his land. Since this included the power to deny the serf the right to move elsewhere, the difference between slavery and serfdom in practice was so fine as to be indistinguishable. The purpose behind the granting of such powers to the Russian dvoriane (nobility of landowners) in 1649 had been to make the nobles dependent on, and therefore loyal to, the tsar. They were to express that loyalty in practical form by serving the tsar as military officers or public officials. In this way the Romanov emperors built up Russias civil bureaucracy and the armed services as bodies of public servants who had a vested interest in maintaining the tsarist state. The serfs made up just over a third of the population and formed half of the peasantry. They were most heavily concentrated in the central and western provinces of Russia. Reasons for The Emancipation Edict of 1861 In a number of respects serfdom was not dissimilar to the feudalism that had operated in many parts of pre-modern Europe. However, long before the 19th century, the feudal system had been abandoned in Western Europe as it moved into the commercial and industrial age. Imperial Russia underwent no such transition. It remained economically and socially backward. Nearly all Russians acknowledged this. Some, known as slavophiles, rejoiced, claiming that holy Russia was a unique God-inspired nation that had nothing to learn from the corrupt nations to the west. But many Russians, of all ranks and classes, had come to accept that reform of some kind was unavoidable if their nation was to progress. It became convenient to use serfdom to explain all Russias current weaknesses: it was responsible for military incompetence, food shortages, over population, civil disorder, and industrial backwardness. These were oversimplified explanations but theyre some truth in all of them: serfdom was symptomatic of the underlying difficulties that held Russia back from progress. It was, therefore, a particularly easy target for the intelligentsia, those intellectuals who in their writings argued for the liberalizing of Russian society, beginning with the emancipation of the exploited peasants. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. As often happened in Russian history, it was war that forced the issue. The Russian state had entered the Crimean War in 1854 with high hopes of victory. Two years later it suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Allied armies of France, Britain and Turkey. The shock to Russia was profound. The nation had always prided itself on its martial strength. Now it had been humiliated. In 1856, the Slavophile Yuri Samarin wrote: We were defeated (in the Crimean war) not by external forces of the western alliance but by our own internal weaknessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Now, when Europe welcomes peace and rest desired for so long we must deal with what we have neglectedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦At the head of the contemporary domestic questions which must be dealt with, the problem of serfdom stands as a threat to the future and an obstacle in the present to significant improvement in any way  [1]   Defeat in the Crimean war was a profound shock to Russians, and one, which compelled a complete reappraisal of the empire and of its place in the world. It revealed what many had long suspected, that profound disorder was undermining the empires capacity to sustain its role as a European great power. It demonstrated that the army, reputedly the strongest in Europe, could not defend a fortified base in its homeland against troops dispatched from thousands of miles away. It is said that Nicholas I on his deathbed acknowledged the tacit condemnation of his system, enjoying his son to take action to remedy the disorder in the command. The shortcomings of Russias military performance were due not least to the backward stare of her industry and communications and the precarious condition of her finances. She was unable either to manufacture new rifles to match those her adversaries possessed or to purchase them abroad. Much of what was available, including food and weapons, never reached the battlefield over the muddy tracks and dusty post-roads, which connected the southern extremity with the heartlands of the empire. The Emancipation Of Serfs Alexander II was the tsar liberator, the ruler who finally freed the serfs in 1861. He also instituted other important reforms, especially in local government, the judiciary, and the military. Mindful of Russian weakness displayed during the Crimean war and faced with serious economic problems, he hoped the reforms would strengthen Russia without weakening autocracy. Fulfilling such a combined goal however was an almost impossible task, even if Alexander II had been a stronger and more visionary leader than he was. Although the reforms helped modernize Russia, the climate that bred them also fostered discontentment and discord. Reactionaries, conservatives, liberals, radicals, and government officials battled against each other and among themselves. The keystone of the reforms was the emancipation of the serfs, which, by releasing roughly half the peasants from personal bondage while guaranteeing them land, cleared the way in principle for them to become small property owners and full citizens, able to participate without handicap in political life and in the market economy. In practice the emancipation edict stopped well short of doing that. We have seen that the provisions regarding land disappointed most peasants, leaving them with an abiding grievance. Furthermore, though no longer enserfed, they remained segregated in so-called village societies, usually the old village commune, which contained only peasants as members; priests, schoolteachers, medical orderlies and other people who happened to live in the village were excluded from membership. Peasants were bound to these village societies, which held their pass books, until they had paid in full for the land that they were allocated, in a redemption operation scheduled to take forty-nine years; during that time they could not mobilize their resources by selling their allotments or using them as a collateral to raise loans. They were subject to a legal system distinct from that introduced for the rest of the population, they were tried in segregated volost courts, and they were still liable to corporal punishment and to mutual responsibility. The volosti or cantons, the higher-level administrative unit encompassing several villages and perhaps a small town, likewise admitted peasants only to its assembly and its courts. Nikolai Miliutin, who participated in bringing about the reform, believed that it was necessary to end serfdom to increase agricultural productivity and thereby increase the capital required for industrialization. His friend the legal historian and westernizer Constantine Kavelin, who had good connections with reform-minded relatives of the tsar, maintained that serfdom was the chief cause of poverty in Russia. Although historians have debated to what extent serfdom retarded economic development, what is crucial is that Alexander II and other important figures such as Samarin, Nikolai Miliutin, and Kavelin believed that ending serfdom would strengthen the Russian economy and thereby the country as a whole. 2On February 19, 1861, Alexander II signed the legislation into law. The new law was a political compromise between the interests of the nobles and those of the peasants and their supporters, and the government was unsure of the response of either side. The nearly 400 pages of statutes and annexes that made up the new law were terribly complex, but the emancipation provisions can be summed up as follows: The right of bondage over serfs was abolished forever (except in some outlying areas of the empire such as the Caucasus, where separate emancipation legislation came later. New arrangements regarding gentry-peasant relations and landholding were to be worked out in stages during the next few decades. Peasants who had previously farmed gentry land, as opposed to household serfs, were eventually to receive land, the exact amount to be determined by combinations of negotiation, government maximum and minimum norms for each province and the use of mediators. Most of this new land was to go to peasant communes, not directly to individual peasants. Landowners were to be compensated for their loss of lands by a combination of government notes and peasant payments. Peasants, unless they chose a free and miniscule beggars allotment, were obliged to repay the government with annual redemption payments spread over a 49 year period. Significance of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 Emancipation proved the first in a series of measures that Alexander produced as a part of a programme that included legal and administrative reform and the extension of press and university freedoms. But behind all these reforms lay an ulterior motive. Alexander II was not being liberal for its own sake. According to official records kept by the Ministry of the Interior (equivalent to the Home Office in Britain) there had been 712 peasant uprisings in Russia between 1826 and 1854. By granting some of the measures that the intelligentsia had called for, while in fact tightening control over the peasants, Alexander intended to lessen the social and political threat to the established system that those figures frighteningly represented. Above all, he hoped that an emancipated peasantry, thankful for the gifts that a bountiful tsar had given them, would provide physically fitter and morally worthier recruits for Russias armies, the symbol and guarantee of Russias greatness as a nation. There is a sense in which the details of Emancipation were less significant than the fact of the reform itself. Whatever its shortcomings, emancipation was the prelude to the most sustained programme of reform that imperial Russia had yet experienced (see the Timeline). There is also the irony that such a sweeping move could not have been introduced except by a ruler with absolute powers; it could not have been done in a democracy. The only comparable social change of such magnitude was President Lincolns freeing of the Negro slaves in 1865. But, as a modern Russian historian (Alexander Chubarov, The Fragile Empire, New York, 1999, p.75) has provocatively pointed out: the [Russian] emancipation was carried out on an infinitely larger scale, and was achieved without civil war and without devastation or armed coercion. Yet when that achievement has been duly noted and credited, hindsight suggests that emancipation was essentially a failure. It raised expectations and dashed them. Russia gave promise of entering a new dawn but then retreated into darkness. This tends to suggest that Alexander II and his government deliberately set out to betray the peasants. This was certainly the argument used by radical critics of the regime. It is important to consider, however, that land reform always takes time to work. It can never be a quick fix. Alexanders prime motive in introducing emancipation was undoubtedly the desire to produce results that were beneficial to his regime. But this is not to suggest that he was insincere in his wish to elevate the condition of the peasants. Where he can be faulted is in his failure to push reform far enough. The fact is that Alexander II suffered from the besetting dilemma that afflicted all the reforming tsars from Peter the Great onwards how to achieve reform without damaging the interests of the privileged classes that made up imperial Russia. It was a question that was never satisfactorily answered because it was never properly faced. Whenever their plans did not work out or became difficult to achieve, the Romanovs abandoned reform and resorted to coercion and repression. Emancipation was intended to give Russia economic and social stability and thus prepare the way for its industrial and commercial growth. But it ended in failure. It both frightened the privileged classes and disappointed the progressives. It went too far for those slavophiles in the court who wanted Russia to cling to its old ways and avoid the corruption that came with western modernity. It did not go far enough for those progressives who believed that a major social transformation was needed in Russia. There is a larger historical perspective. It is suggested by many historians that, for at least a century before its collapse in the Revolution of 1917, imperial Russia had been in institutional crisis; the tsarist system had been unable to find workable solutions to the problems that faced it. If it was to modernize itself, that is to say if it was to develop its agriculture and industry to the point where it could sustain its growing population and compete on equal terms with its European and Asian neighbors and international competitors, it would need to modify its existing institutions. This it proved unable or unwilling to do. Therein lies the tragedy of Emancipation. It is an outstanding example of tsarist ineptitude. Its introduction held out the possibility that Russia could build on this fundamentally progressive measure and modify its agricultural economy in such a manner as to cater for its vast population, which doubled to 125 million during the second half of the 19th century. But the chance was lost. So reduced was the peasant as an agricultural worker by 1900 that only half of his meagre income came from farming. He had to sustain himself by laboring. So much for Alexander IIs claim that he viewed the task of improving the condition of the peasants as a sacred inheritance to which he was honor bound. Immediate impact of The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The immediate impact of the statute was much less dramatic than this longer-term picture might suggest, not least because of the economic terms and administrative arrangements under which the peasants were set free. These terms preserved, if in milder form, many of the obstacles to economic growth and social change characteristic of the pre-reform era. The principle of the statute was that the serfs would be emancipated with their household plots and an allotment of land, but that they should pay for this land. The amount of land made available to them to purchase should be approximately equivalent to the allotments they had been allowed to till for their own subsistence under serfdom. The government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government would compensate the nobility immediately and the peasantry would repay the government with redemption dues spread over a period of forty-nine years. In practice the peasantry allotments were significa ntly smaller than those they had used before emancipation; the cut offs withheld by landlords were particularly large in the fertile black-earth regions and were a source of intense and lasting bitterness. The price the peasants paid was artificially inflated to compensate the nobility for the dues in labor and cash, which they were losing. However unattractive the peasants found the terms of land redemption, they were compelled to transfer from the initial status of temporarily obligated tenants to outrights purchasers if their landlords insisted. On the other hand, where it suited the nobility to retain landownership, they could, until 1881, refuse to embark upon redemption at all. Negative Impacts on the serfs As was to be expected, the reaction to the emancipation manifesto was mixed. Many of the emancipated serfs were confused about the complex new statutes and disbelieving or disappointed when told they would have to make payments (for half a century) for land they received. Many peasants believed that the fault with evil officials and nobles who were frustrating the tsars real intentions. They thought that as soon as he overcame these troublemakers, new, more favorable, legislation would be forthcoming. Before the year was over, nobles reported more than 1000 disturbances, most of which required to quell. In the summer of 1861, alexander felt it necessary to admonish a delegation of peasants: There will be no emancipation expect the one I have granted you. Obey the law and statutes! Work and toil! Obey the authorities and noble landowners! The following selection is from the first edition of the Englishmans first-hand observations and reflections. 3It might be reasonably supposed that the serfs received with boundless gratitude and delight the manifestoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in reality the manifesto created among the peasantry a feeling of disappointment rather than delight. To understand this strange fact we must endeavor to place ourselves at the peasants point of view. In the first place it must be remarked that all vague rhetorical phrases about free labor, human dignity, national progress, and the like, which may be readily produce among educated men a certain amount of temporary enthusiasm, fall on the ears of the Russian peasant like drops of rain on a granite mark. Collectively the former serfs received less land than their pre-emancipation allotments. More than one-fourth of them received allotments insufficient to maintain their households-former serfs of polish landowners, especially after polish rebellion of 1863, and imperial and state peasants came off better. Overall the noble serf owners kept roughly two-fifth of their lands, whereas the ex-serfs, greatly outnumbering them, received the rest. And the peasants eventually paid more for their land than it was worth and received land less suitable than that retained by the owners. The economic impact on the peasantry of the settlement and the powers entrusted to the post-emancipation commune is, as we shall see, a matter of fierce controversy. Clearly, the phasing out of traditional dues removed the spectre of increased production being creamed off by the landlord, while peasant security was increased by the opportunity to buy the land. Peasants on crown lands and state peasants, liberated by the statutes of 1863 and 1866 on broadly similar terms to those of private serfs, were able to buy rather more land on better terms. Yet the peasantry as a whole remained in a position of extreme economic and political weakness. Advantaged households might briefly establish a privileged position within their own commune and rent land from the nobility on their behalf. But the containing practice of periodic communal redistribution of land, the heavy impositions of state, the vulnerability of even the most successful household to the vagaries of the climate-all provided major obstacles to the emergence of study yeomen. Most significant was the process by which peasants continued to divide the land of large households to set up new families in their own homes and merged plots which old age and death had rendered unviable. The overwhelming majority of peasants remained middle peasants who, despite gradual integration into the market and a slow rise in literacy, remained in large measure set apart form and subordinate to the world outside. The other Great Reforms of 1860s, affecting the judicial system, the press, and the universities, had little effect on the peasantry. They did gain a minority voice on the new local government bodies (zemstva) set up in 1864, but they tended to view them as an additional burden rather that as a vehicle for pursuit of their own interests. For the most part, their political leverage was still restricted to local instances of illegal resistance and spectre of mass disturbances. Amidst the dislocation of Crimean war and the uncertainty, which followed it, rural unrest had made a significant impact on government policy. Peasant protest had reached a level, which led Soviet historians to identify the period as Russian first revolutionary situation. Acute disappointments at being made to pay for the land they considered their own sparked widespread-an in places violent- protest between March and May 1861. But swift and drastic actions by the government succeeded in crushing resistance. Although below the surface tension remained high in the countryside at once refle cted in and fed by repeated rumors of an imminent real Emancipation the number of disturbances trailed off. Yet in the midst of these economic and cultural changes, the peasants gained no new outlets for their political aspirations. Other hand the Zemstvos (which had limited functions and powers), they had no institutions through which they could express their grievances and seek solutions to them. Even as they were beginning from below to bridge the gap between themselves and the empires elites, there was no sign of a civic nation, which they could join. For such a system to work, however, the peasants would have needed a sufficient amount of land or unrestricted opportunities to make money in non-agricultural employment. Neither desideratum was attained. While maximum and minimum norms were established for different zones, they were not always realized or adequate in all cases even when they were realized. The peasants often lost land, particularly in black earth region- in sartov and Samara more than 40 per cent of what they had previously worked. In such provinces, they were often forced by economic circumstances if not by law to continue working for their masters (otrabotka replacing barshchina in technical terms). In less fertile regions near the center and in the north, it is true, they often gained land, but here the obrok form of payment had long been more profitable for the landlords than labor services, and therefore land was not as important to the erstwhile masters as cash. Alternative View on The Emancipation Edict of 1861 The following selection is from the memoirs of Prince Peter Kropotkin, a student in the corps of pages in 1861 when a statute abolishing serfdom was enacted. I was in Nikolskoye in August 1861, and again in the summer of 1862, and I was struck with the quiet, intelligent way in which the peasants had accepted the new conditions. They knew perfectly well how difficult it would be to pay the redemption tax for the land, which was in reality an indemnity to the nobles in lieu of the obligations of serfdom. But they so much valued the abolition of their personal enslavement that they accepted the ruinous charges not without murmuring, but as a hard necessity the moment that personal freedom was obtainedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ When I saw our Nikolskoye peasants, fifteen months after liberation, I could not but admire them. Their inborn good nature and softness remained with them, but all traces of servility had disappeared. They talked to their masters as equals talk to equals, as if they never had stood in different relations. Besides, such men came out from among them as could make a stand for their rights

Freud?s view of civilization Essay -- essays research papers

Freud’s view of civilization emerges from his understanding of the struggle between Eros and Death. Freud expresses the existence of two contrary instincts, Eros and Death, via starting from the speculations on the beginning of life and biological parallels. While Eros preserves the living substance and joins it into larger units, such as societies, Death dissolves these units and brings them back to their primeval state. The death drives appear to be regressive, striving for a return to a less differentiated, less organized state of tensionlessness. In contrast, Eros (which embraces sexual and life-preserving instincts) is progressive in seeking ever more differentiated forms of organized life and even the widening of differences in it as between the organism and its surroundings. Freud explains the life as concurrent or mutually opposing action of, and therefore balance between Eros and death instincts. Beside this, civilization works with Eros in order to combine individuals to form families, then families to form nations and then great unity of mankind. Actually, the founding of families aroused from the permanent need of male for genital satisfaction. As a result of this, the male wanted his sex object, the female near him, while also the female did not want to leave from her children and had to stay with the stronger male. After that, the sons discovered that a union could be stronger than a single individual by overpowering their father. Because of that, the sons imposed some restrictions to work to each other in order to preserve the new state. Therefore, there are two foundations of the communal life of the human beings: the power of love between man and woman, and woman and her child, and the compulsion to work created by external necessity. The first one of these foundations is the result of Eros and the other is the result of the death instinct, which serves for Eros to co mbine individuals. However, in most cases death distinct opposes to civilization because of the results of death instinct. Because the death instinct directs towards the external world and it occurs as an instinct of aggressiveness and destructiveness. In this way the instinct enters the service of Eros, such that the organism destroys other things instead of destroying itself. However, restriction of these instincts directed towards other things speeds up the process of destr... ...ion. However, difference between male and female is not about strength and endurance, but about the reproductive differences and the ability to nurse of female. Because of these differences, destiny of female in society was designated by the anatomy of female in the past, but this is no longer valid and nor should it be. If we look at the probable criticisms of Gerda Lerner of about the Alphonso Lingis article, Lust, we can see the main difference between them, which is the point of view about woman. Lingis mentions about woman while he is mentioning about prostitutes in Bangkok. This means that like Freud, Lingis sees woman as sex object. Furthermore, he degrades women by saying that travesties in the stage of Calypso are women than women. He does not consider the reproductive property of women and therefore he exhibits the tendency towards men. Gerda Lerner might criticize this point of view of Lingis. Other than that, these two writers do not exhibits big differences since their point of views are different. Gerda Lerner approaches to the topic historically and deal with the subordination of women. On the other hand, Lingis mentions about the representation of self and desire.

Gentrification, the Issue of Today Life

Ever since the 1960s, there has been an influx of high-income populations moving into urban areas from the suburbs. This phenomenon was coined ‘gentrification’ by sociologist Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe â€Å"the movement of upscale (mostly white) setters into rundown (mostly minority) neighborhoods† (Hampson). Proposition 555 has stated that in order to increase government funding and provide citizens a better life with a cleaner environment and safer community, the process of gentrification would require the destruction of some old and unsafe houses. Since then, this policy has received mixed reception from all walks of life.Protagonists, on one side, consider gentrification as the solution to current hard urban issues. Antagonists, on the other side, believe that it causes severe poor-displacement. Debates seem to be endless, yet the whole society is changing due to the great impact of gentrification: luxury condos replacing once deteriorating houses, street s becoming cleaner, and crime rates declining significantly, thus, consolidating my strong support for Proposition 555. To begin with, the first and foremost upside of gentrification is economic improvements in the neighborhood because it boosts up the use of urban land and attracts more business investments.Brooklyn and the Bronx, two of the five boroughs of New York City, are two typical examples. Urban renewal in Brooklyn, also known as ‘brownstoning’, has encouraged a huge wave of investment: $300 million from the city and $3. 5 billion from private investors (Browdie). While the former has been invested in Brooklyn Bridge Park’s construction, the latter has yielded â€Å"7. 8 million square feet of new residential, retail and commercial space, including 26 apartment complexes, four hotels, and a glassy shopping complex† (Browdie).In regards to the Bronx, the gentrifying process has brought to the region a new appearance. The notorious neighborhood, wh ich used to be considered off limits to investors due to commercial waste, crimes, and violence, has become â€Å"a diamond in the rough, being discovered† (Magistro). Today, the Bronx has numerous remarkable attractions like the Bronx Zoo—one of the world’s largest metropolitan zoos, the New York Botanical Garden, Wave Hill, excellent subway service, retail strip malls, and affluent bedroom communities (Magistro).In South Bronx, Majora Carter, a famous urban revitalization strategist says that the removal of Sheridan Expressway and construction of Lafayette Avenue has made this area appeal to stakeholders for parkland, affordable housing and local economic development (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). Once urban land is in use, it signals huge economic improvements, especially in the tourism industry, job developments, and real estate. Recent studies conducted by Rutgers University have found that in New Jersey, historic preservation, part of the state gent rification policies, has significantly profited the state’s tourism.Besides 2,316 jobs created annually in this industry, New Jersey has earned $15 million in state and local taxes, $16 million in GDP, and $432 million for the economy (Listokin and Lahr). Moreover, in restructured neighborhoods, new projects associated with job training have emerged to meet the investors’ demands. For example, the South Bronx community is running the Bronx Ecological Stewardship Training project to â€Å"seed the area with green collar jobs† in the fields of ecological restorations so that its people will be qualified for these well-paying jobs (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto).As a result of being employed, a person gains a greater opportunity of sustainable income and will tend to purchase a house to settle into family life. In other words, gentrification is an impetus to the local economy because it stimulates the use of urban lands, opens more job opportunities, and encou rages real estate. Along with economic improvements, a great number of social achievements have been accomplished due to gentrification, especially in community-safety increase. Prior to redevelopment, low-income areas had to cope with a lot of crimes and violence such as gang shootings, drugs dealings and prostitution.However, gentrification has improved the people’s safety significantly. For example, according to Betty Baye, a columnist of The Courier-Journal in Louisville, Kentucky, New York was once appalled by a Dominican group of gangsters named Jheri Curls: They traded tons of cocaine and shot anyone complaining about their illegal business. She calls gentrification as â€Å"a new gang in town,† ousting the Jheri Curl from their old stomping grounds. The openings of â€Å"amenities as river views, parks, large rooms and convenience to public transportation [†¦have replaced†¦ grand old buildings that long were the domain of poor folks on rent control, buildings that are being reborn as luxury co-ops and condos,† Baye explains. Sharing her views, researchers from the Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, add that the building of new amenities prevents up to 45 percent of homicides and another 60 percent of robberies (Papachristos, Smith, Scherer, and Fugiero 225). Accordingly, gentrifying the neighborhoods helps lessen crimes, providing their residents with a safer community.In addition to economic and social achievements, gentrification also brings environmental justice to the redeveloped neighborhoods. Prior to renewal, people living around these areas encountered many health problems because of pollution and contamination issues that accumulated for many years. South Bronx, for example, used to be a location for the city’s commercial waste in sewage treatment and the food industry’s byproducts. Carter says a black person has a greater chance of being forced to live in an air-polluted area or within a walking distance of chemical facility in comparison with a white person (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto).As a result, diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and asthma have plagued the community for many years and damaged the future generation (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). In other words, in non-gentrified neighborhoods, along with economic and social degradation, environmental injustice also drives these communities into even worse situations. However, once gentrification policies are implemented, the people’s health can greatly improve: air gets cleaner, water turns fresher and the environment becomes healthier and greener.In South Bronx, its inhabitants witnessed the inauguration of Hunts Point Riverside Park, the first waterfront park that the community had had in more than 60 years (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). Therefore, it is understandable that gentrification provides a boost to environmental quality. Advocates of anti-gentrification usually argue that urban renewal is a one-sided benefit—profiting the white while harming the poor. Nonetheless, studies conducted by Lance Freeman, an assistant professor of urban planning at Columbia University, suggest that there is merely a slight connection between urban renewal and displacement (Hampson).He says that in gentrified neighborhoods, the chance of a poor being dislocated is only 0. 5% greater in comparison with a non-gentrified one (Hampson). Freeman believes that â€Å"although higher costs sometimes force poor residents to leave gentrif[ied] neighborhoods, other changes—more jobs, safer streets, better trash pickup—encourage them to stay† (Hampson). Besides coming to the same conclusion, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and Duke University, also show that black householders with high school degrees account for 33% f the total neighborhood income, 13% greater than that of white householders (Kiviat). In conclusion, as urban p lanner Duany says, gentrification has proved to be â€Å"the rising tide that lifts all boats† because it provides an effective solution to the economy, social issues, as well as environmental justice that benefit all social classes. However, there are always two sides of a coin, and the story of gentrification is not an exception. The biggest issue of gentrification, as many antagonists believe, is the poor displacement.It is obvious that as a city is redeveloped and attracts more investors, housing prices will soar, making it difficult for old residents to manage to get by. Research conducted by Newman and Wyly of the Centre for Urban and Community Studies shows that residents of a gentrified city, especially seniors, find it hard to live when housing prices increase while their incomes stay (4). In the long run, this produces â€Å"exclusionary displacement,† â€Å"a process in which neighborhoods become off-limits, forcing lower-income residents to look elsewhere for housing† (1, 2).Adding to the housing burdens, other negative elements such as landlord harassment, evictions, and daily expenses drive former inhabitants out of their neighborhoods. So what is the solution to the problem? To answer this question, it is worthwhile to first acknowledge that gentrification is a natural process, meaning there is no way to stand against it, especially on the poor side. Sadly speaking, gentrification remains a dirty word to some people as it sounds—its origin dates back from the word â€Å"gentry,† meaning a â€Å"noble person. Baye explains that gentrification â€Å"may seem to some as nothing but the inevitable circle of life† because many of the upper settlers (mostly white) claim that those gentrified neighborhoods are their â€Å"rightful inheritance,† left for the colored by their predecessors as they fled to the suburbs. Looking negatively at urban renewal, it benefits the white folks; they have money, and th us, have the rights to demand higher services. Looking positively at urban renewal, these folks are doing good things after all, â€Å"for there is nothing more unhealthy for a city than a monoculture of poverty† (Duany).This leaves the only question: Can we gentrify the right way? Fortunately, there are numerous solutions that have been proposed by strategists, urban planners and experts in the field. To solve housing problem, New York has built a shelter system to support displaced residents (Newman and Wyly). Moreover, Duany insists that in order to avoid overpricing, urban renewal needs to be built as a long-term policy, tested and modified many times to fit the particular neighborhood so that it doesn’t negatively affect the community.Carter has come up with a model called the triple bottom line that seems to be a solution for the long run. She explains that her model can produce sustainable development because it â€Å"has the potential to create positive return s from all concerned: developers, government and the community where [the] projects go up† (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto). In addition, I propose the use of government power on taxing: The local government can weigh the impact of gentrification through data, statistics and surveys so that it can modify the tax base imposed on every household.No matter what solutions are proposed, there seems to be a general consensus among experts about the role of government: It can act as a peace broker to reconcile any hostility provoked by the misunderstanding between the rich and the poor. In summary, Proposition 555, whose process is to rebuild the old, unsafe towns and cities, is a good process for neighborhood residents who want to have better lives. Although gentrification sometime causes the poor to be displaced due to housing burdens and expenses, its benefits assist in solving urban issues.It provides a stimulus to the economy through the use of urban lands for business purpo ses, a safer society by clearing gang violence and a healthier environment by building public parks. To overcome its downsides, a number of useful and practical ideas have been brought about by many experts, ranging from shelter systems and tax modification to government regulation. The fight in favor of urban renewal, as Carter says, is the fight that â€Å"we have nothing to lose and everything to gain† (Majora Carter: Greening the Ghetto).

Vietnam And North And South Vietnam - 2319 Words

Bunch, Justin Essay 3, Vietnam, Sum 14 Prof. Biggs Ideology, Nation-Building, Dissent and War in North and South Vietnam Char. within Vietnam, invaded by the Chinese, parceled up by the French and later divided by the west again. The United States aiding the South, and the North structured based off of a variation of Communism. Has had in modern times a rough couple hundred years. Before reunification was achieved, many steps had to be followed by both halves in order to become whole once more. Now this doesn’t imply in the least that the North from the outset would win as the South took a more decidedly Western and capitalist approach to nation building and nationalist ideology. Hearts and minds are what would prevail not military might. Ideology In both countries was still very much Vietnamese. In fact this core aspect of Vietnam identity was retained in both cases such as customs and religious occurrences. In the South National ideology borrowed heavily from the west, I.E. capitalism and later Pro US as a strong backer. The North took its ideology from the Communist regimes in both China and more importantly from Russia. The North under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh early on turned from Chinese Ideology to a Russian one. As such its communism was not directly a result of the Mao model but more based off of the Lenin and later Stalinist version of Communism. This ideology used by the North was just a means to an end however. Ho Chi Minhs goal and in turn NorthShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War Was An Expensive And Fatal Conflict Between The North And South Vietnam1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam War was an expensive and fatal conflict between the North and South Vietnam regions. The communist government from the north and their southern allies, the Viet Cong, were heavily against South Vietnam and their benevolent allies, the United States. 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